
“... esa bestezuela podrá suplir ahora la falta de Rocinante, llevándome a
mí desde aquí a algún castillo donde sea curado de mis feridas. Y más, que no
tendré a deshonra la tal caballería, porque me acuerdo haber leído que aquel
buen viejo Sileno, ayo y pedagogo del alegre dios de la risa, cuando entró en
la ciudad de las cien puertas iba, muy a su placer, caballero sobre un muy
hermoso asno” (I, 15).
¿Quién fue Sileno?
Cervantes nos lo describe como “ayo y pedagogo del alegre dios de la risa”, es
decir, Dionisos. Friedrich Creuzer, el filólogo romántico alemán editor de
Plotino, escribió una obra sobre Sileno: “¿Quién era este Sileno? Hijo de una
ninfa, aun careciendo del brillo de los dioses, se elevaba sin embargo por
encima de la baja humanidad sin estar sometido a la muerte; era un ser que,
dotado de trazas humanas, tenía no obstante figura deforme” (Sileno. Idea y validez del simbolismo
antiguo, pp. 72-73) ¿Pero qué sentido debemos atribuir a la auto-asociación
de don Quijote con Sileno?
La interpretación
del Quijote, como es sabido, se ha
dividido entre los que lo ven como un “fanny book”, es decir, como una comedia
y los que lo interpretan románticamente en clave “simbólica”. La evocación de
Sileno, según Iffland, apoyaría las dos lecturas que han caracterizado la
recepción del Quijote. En efecto, tras
la apariencia risible de su figura se
oculta un vidente en posesión de
profundos conocimientos. Don Quijote no es ni el loco del que se rieron sus
primeros lectores ni el “Caballero de la Fe” que pintaron los románticos, sino
el sabio loco o el loco-cuerdo de cuyas burlas salen de vez en cuando algunas
importantes veras.
Sancho también
comparte con Sileno no pocos rasgos. Al serle restituido el asno, es más bien
el escudero quien queda identificado con la figura del legendario semidiós. Por
eso, dado el vínculo de Sileno con el dios Dionisos, no hay que descartar que
sea éste en realidad el que esté detrás del Caballero de la Triste Figura. “Ahora bien, si Sancho también queda afiliado
con Sileno, y si su función es seguir a don Quijote en sus extravagantes
andanzas, no cabe duda de que don Quijote termina ocupando el papel ya no del
ayo del «alegre dios de la risa», sino del dios mismo” (Don Quijote como Sileno… p. 142).
Pero este Dionisos
es aquí el “alegre dios de la risa” y no el dios desgarrado que Nietzsche creía
ver detrás de los héroes de la tragedia griega. El filósofo alemán recomendaba
leer el Don Quijote como el más
triste de los libros, pero quizá habría que entender el libro inmortal de
Cervantes como su propio autor quiso, es decir, “como hijo del entendimiento,
[…] el más hermoso, el más gallardo y más discreto que pudiera imaginarse”.
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